ENGLISH PAPER ASSIGNMENT “ ENGLISH PRESENT AND FUTURE”
ENGLISH PAPER
ASSIGNMENT
“ ENGLISH PRESENT AND FUTURE”
Prepared to fullfill the assignment of History Of English
Lecturer : Dr. H. Abdul Mu’in, S.Ag M,M.
 |
1st Group
1.
Lidiana
Humaeroh (171230024)
2.
Fanisa
Adhania (171230032)
3.
Tia
Dwi Anjasari (171230035)
TBI-A/3
ENGLISH
EDUCATION MAJORS
TARBIYAH
FACULTY AND TEACHER TRAINING STATE UNIVERSITY FOR ISLAMIC
STUDIES SULTAN
MAULANA HASANUDDIN BANTEN
2017/2018
PREFACE
First of all the authors say a sence o thanks to Allah SWT forbeing
able to complate a paper antitled “Adjective clauses”. Peace and greeting to
the last chance of propethood,the best example of brotherhood and love each
other.
We said thank you so much for everyone that help us to make this
article.We are aware this article is far from perfect,but we hope this article
can useful for everyone especially for writer .This article we made to fullfill
our assignment in History Of English.
We wait for your constructive criticism as well as the advice from
those who really want this article better improved. My sincere gratitude is of
course,addresed to them.
Serang, 28th
Febuary 2019
writer
Table Of Content
PREFACE ..................................................................................................................... i
Table Of Content .................................................................................................................... ii
Chapter 1 .................................................................................................................... 1
A.
Problem
Background ............................................................................................................... 1
B.
Problem
Formulation ............................................................................................................... 1
C.
Purpose
.................................................................................................................... 1
Chapter II .................................................................................................................... 2
A.
Growth
and Decay .................................................................................................................. 2
B.
The
Important Of English ....................................................................................................... 2
C.
The
Future Of English ............................................................................................................. 4
D.
English
As A World ................................................................................................................ 5
Chapter III .................................................................................................................... 9
A.
Conclution
.................................................................................................................... 9
B.
Suggestion
.................................................................................................................... 9
Reference .................................................................................................................. 10
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.PROBLEM BACKGROUND
English is the language used by almost every person in the world at
the present time, learning English is very important. English language is not
only but used to talk to the west, but has become a requirement to enter the
world of work children in schools in
Asian countries. but that will be discussed in this paper is about the ADJECTIVE
CLAUSES is very
important discussion cause it is very often used both in conversation
especially in the writing of English. in this paper, We will ttempt to explain
a little about the ADJECTIVE CLAUSE.
B. PROBLEM FORMULATION
1.
How are growth and Decay English Present and Future?
2.
Why is important of English
language?
3.
How
are future of English?
4.
Why
an English language as a world language?
C. PURPOSE
1. In
order to know growth and Decay English
Present and Future.
2. In
order to know important of English language.
3. In
order to know future of English.
4. In order to know English as a world language.
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Growth and Decay
Moreover, English, like all other languages, is subject to that
constant growth and decay that characterize all forms of life. It is a
convenient figure of speech to speak of languages as living and as dead.
Although we rarely think of language as something that possesses life apart
from the people who speak it, as we can think of plants or of animals, we can
observe in speech something like the process of change that characterizes the
life of living things. When a language ceases to change, we call it a dead
language. Classical Latin is a dead language because it has not changed for
nearly 2,000 years. The change that is constantly going on in a living language
can be most easily seen in the vocabulary. Old words die out, new words are
added, and existing words change their meaning. Much of the vocabulary of Old
English has been lost, and the development of new words to meet new conditions
is one of the most familiar phenomena of our language. Change of meaning can be
illustrated from any page of Shakespeare. Nice in Shakespeare’s day meant
foolish; rheumatism signified a cold in the head. Less familiar but no less
real is the change of pronunciation. A slow but steady alteration, especially
in the vowel sounds, has characterized English throughout its history. Old
English stān has become our stone; cū has become cow. Most of these changes are
so regular as to be capable of classification under what are called “sound
laws.” Changes likewise occur in the grammatical forms of a language. These may
be the result of gradual phonetic modification, or they may result from the
desire for uniformity commonly felt where similarity of function or use is
involved. The person who says I knowed is only trying to form the past tense of
this verb after the pattern of the past tense of so many verbs in English. This
process is known as the operation of analogy, and it may affect the sound and
meaning as well as the form of words. Thus it will be part of our task to trace
the influences that are constantly at work, tending to alter a language from
age to age as spoken and written, and that have brought about such an extensive
alteration in English as to make the English language of 1000 quite
unintelligible to English speakers of 2000.
B. The Important of English
In numbers of speakers as well as in its uses for international
communication and in other less quantifiable measures, English is one of the
most important languages of the world. Spoken by more than 380 million people
in the United Kingdom, the United States, and the former British Empire, it is
the largest of the Western languages. English, however, is not the most widely
used native language in the world. Chinese, in its eight spoken varieties, is
known to 1.3 billion people in China alone. Some of the European languages are
comparable to English in reflecting the forces of history, especially with
regard to European expansion since the sixteenth century. Spanish, next in size
to English, is spoken by about 330 million people, Portuguese by 180 million,
Russian by 175 million, German by 110 million, French by 80 million native
speakers (and a large number of second-language speakers), Italian by 65
million. A language may be important as a lingua franca in a country or region
whose diverse populations would otherwise be unable to communicate. This is
especially true in the former colonies of England and France whose colonial
languages have remained indispensable even after independence and often in
spite of outright hostility to the political and cultural values that the European
languages represent.
French and English are both languages of wider communication, and
yet the changing positions of the two languages in international affairs during
the past century illustrate the extent to which the status of a language
depends on extralinguistic factors. It has been said that English is
recurringly associated with practical and powerful pursuits. Joshua A.Fishman
writes: “In the Third World (excluding former anglophone and francophone
colonies) French is considered more suitable than English for only one
function: opera. It is considered the equal of English for reading good novels
or poetry and for personal prayer (the local integrative language being widely
viewed as superior to both English and French in this connection). But outside
the realm of aesthetics, the Ugly Duckling reigns supreme.”1 The ascendancy of
English as measured by numbers of speakers in various activities does not
depend on nostalgic attitudes toward the originally Englishspeaking people or
toward the language itself. Fishman makes the point that English is less loved
but more used; French is more loved but less used. And in a world where
“econo-technical superiority” is what counts, “the real ‘powerhouse’ is still
English. It doesn’t have to worry about being loved because, loved or not, it
works. It makes the world go round, and few indeed can afford to ‘knock it’. [1]
If “econo-technical superiority” is what counts, we might wonder
about the relative status of English and Japanese. Although spoken by 125 million
people in Japan, a country that has risen to economic and technical dominance
since World War II, the Japanese language has yet few of the roles in
international affairs that are played by English or French. The reasons are
rooted in the histories of these languages. Natural languages are not like
programming languages such as Fortran or LISP, which have gained or lost
international currency over a period of a decade or two. Japan went through a
two-century period of isolation from the West (between 1640 and 1854) during
which time several European languages were establishing the base of their
subsequent expansion.
C. The Future of English
The extent and importance of the English language today make it
reasonable to ask whether we cannot speculate as to the probable position it
will occupy in the future. It is admittedly hazardous to predict the future of
nations; the changes during the present century in the politics and populations
of the developing countries have confounded predictions of fifty years ago.
Since growth in a language is primarily a matter of population, the most
important question to ask is which populations of the world will increase most
rapidly. Growth of population is determined by the difference between the birth
rate and the death rate and by international migration. The single most
important fact about current trends is that the Third World countries of
Africa, Asia, and Latin America have experienced a sharp drop in mortality
during the twentieth century without a corresponding drop in the birth rate. As
a result, the population of these areas is younger and growing faster than the
population of the industrialized countries of Europe and North America. The
effect of economic development upon falling growth rates is especially clear in
Asia, where Japan is growing at a rate only slightly higher than that of
Europe, while southern Asia—India, Pakistan, Bangladesh—is growing at a rate
more than twice as high. China is growing at a moderate rate, between that of
Europe and southern Asia, but with a population in excess of one billion, the
absolute increase will be very high. According to a recent United Nations
analysis, by 2050 the United.
States will be the only developed country among the world’s twenty
most populous nations, whereas in 1950 at least half of the top ten were
industrial nations. The population of the less developed countries is expected
to grow from 4.9 billion in 2000 to 8.2 billion in 2050, while the more
developed countries will hold at 1.2 billion.[2]
India is expected to replace China as the world’s most populous nation in half
a century, with a concomitant growth in Hindi and Bengali, already among the top
five languages in the world. The one demographic fact that can be stated with
certainty is that the proportion of the world’s population in the economically
developed countries will shrink during the next half century in comparison with
the proportion in the presently developing countries. Since most of the native
speakers of English live in the developed countries, it can be expected that
this group will account for a progressively smaller proportion of the world’s
population. Counteracting the general trend somewhat is the exceptional
situation in the United States, the only country among the more developed ones
that is growing at slightly more than a replacement rate instead of actually
declining.
If the future of a language were merely a matter of the number who
speak it as a first language, English would appear to be entering a period of
decline after four centuries of unprecedented expansion. What makes this
prospect unlikely is the fact that English is widely used as a second language
and as a foreign language throughout the world. The number of speakers who have
acquired English as a second language with near native fluency is estimated to
be between 350 and 400 million. If we add to first and second language speakers
those who know enough English to use it more or less effectively as a foreign
language, the estimates for the total number of speakers range between one and
one and a half billion. In some of the developing countries that are
experiencing the greatest growth, English is one of the official languages, as
it is in India, Nigeria, and the Philippines. The situation is complex because
of widely varying government policies that are subject to change and that often
do not reflect the actual facts (see § 229). Although there are concerted efforts to establish the
vernaculars in a number of countries—Hindi in India, Swahili in Tanzania,
Tagalog in the Philippines—considerable forces run counter to these efforts and
impede the establishment of national languages. In some countries English is a neutral
language among competing indigenous languages, the establishment of any one of
which would arouse ethnic jealousies. In most developing countries
communications in English are superior to those in the vernacular languages.
The unavailability of textbooks in Swahili has slowed the effort to establish
that language as the language of education in Tanzania. Yet textbooks and other
publications are readily available in English, and they are produced by
countries with the economic means to sustain their vast systems of
communications.
The complex interaction of these forces defies general statements
of the present situation or specific projections into the distant future. Among
European languages it seems likely that English, German, and Spanish will benefit
from various developments. The breakup of the Soviet Union and the increasing
political and economic unification of Western Europe are already resulting in
the shifting fortunes of Russian and German. The independent states of the
former Soviet Union are unlikely to continue efforts to make Russian a common
language throughout that vast region, and the presence of a unified Germany
will reinforce the importance of the German language, which already figures
prominently as a language of commerce in the countries of Eastern Europe. The
growth of Spanish, as of Portuguese, will come mainly from the rapidly
increasing population of Latin America, while the growth in English will be
most notable in its use throughout the world as a second language. It is also likely
that pidgin and creole varieties of English will become increasingly widespread
in those areas where English is not a first language.
D. English As A World
That the world is fully alive to the
need for an international language is evident from the number of attempts that
have been made to supply that need artificially. Between 1880 and 1907
fifty-three universal languages were proposed. Some of these enjoyed an
amazing, if temporary, vogue. In 1889 Volapük claimed nearly a million
adherents. Today it is all but forgotten. A few years later Esperanto
experienced a similar vogue, but interest in it now is kept alive largely by
local groups and organizations. Apparently the need has not been filled by any
of the laboratory products so far created to fill it. And it is doubtful if it
ever can be filled in this way. An artificial language might serve some of the
requirements of business and travel, but no one has proved willing to make it
the medium of political, historical, or scientific thought, to say nothing of
literature. The history of language policy in the twentieth century makes it
unlikely that any government will turn its resources to an international
linguistic solution that benefits the particular country only indirectly.
Without the support of governments and the educational institutions that they
control, the establishment of an artificial language for the world will be
impossible. Recent history has shown language policy continuing to be a highly
emotional issue, the language of a country often symbolizing its independence
and nationalism.
The emotions that militate against
the establishment of an artificial language work even more strongly against the
establishment of a single foreign language for international communication. The
official languages of the United Nations are English, French, Russian, Spanish,
Chinese, and Arabic. Since it is not to be expected that the speakers of any of
these six languages will be willing to subordinate their own language to any of
the other five, the question is rather which languages will likely gain
ascendancy in the natural course of events. Two centuries ago French would have
appeared to have attained an undisputed claim to such ascendancy. It was then
widely cultivated throughout Europe as the language of polite society, it was
the diplomatic language of the world, and it enjoyed considerable popularity in
literary and scientific circles. During the nineteenth century its prestige,
though still great, gradually declined. The prominence of Germany in all fields
of scientific and scholarly activity made German a serious competitor. Now more
scientific research is probably published in English than in any other
language, and the preeminence of English in commercial use is undoubted. The
revolution in communications during the twentieth century has contributed to
the spread of several European languages, but especially of English because of
major broadcasting and motion picture industries in the United States and Great
Britain. It will be the combined effect of economic and cultural forces such as
these, rather than explicit legislation by national or international bodies,
that will determine the world languages of the future.
Since World War II, English as an
official language has claimed progressively less territory among the former
colonies of the British Empire while its actual importance and number of
speakers have increased rapidly. At the time of the first edition of this
history (1935), English was the official language of one-fourth of the earth’s
surface, even if only a small fraction of the population in parts of that area
actually knew English. As the colonies gained independence, English continued
to be used alongside the vernaculars. In many of the new countries English is
either the primary language or a necessary second language in the schools, the
courts, and business. The extent of its use varies with regional history and
current government policy, although stated policy often masks the actual
complexities. In Uganda, for example, where no language is spoken as a first
language by more than 16 percent of the population, English is the one official
language; yet less than one percent of the population speaks it as a first
language. In India, English was to serve transitional purposes only until 1965,
but it continues to be used officially with Hindi and fourteen other national
languages. In Tanzania, Swahili is the one official language, but English is
still indispensable in the schools and the high courts. It is nowhere a
question of substituting English for the native speech. Nothing is a matter of
greater patriotic feeling than the mother tongue. The question simply concerns
the use of English, or some other widely known idiom, for inter-national
communication. Braj B.Kachru notes that it is a clear fact of history that
English is in a position of unprecedented power: “Where over 650 artificial
languages have failed, English has succeeded; where many other natural
languages with political and economic power to back them up have failed,
English has succeeded. One reason for this dominance of English is its
propensity for acquiring new identities, its power of assimilation, its
adaptability for ‘decolonization’ as a language, its manifestation in a range
of varieties, and above all its suitability as a flexible medium for literary
and other types of creativity across languages and cultures.”[3]
Kachru left open the question of whether the cultures and other languages of
the world are richer or poorer because of “the global power and hegemony of
English,” and he called for a full discussion of the question.
Recent awareness of “endangered
languages” and a new sensitivity to ecolinguistics have made clear that the
success of English brings problems in its wake. The world is poorer when a
language dies on average every two weeks. For native speakers of English as
well, the status of the English language can be a mixed blessing, especially if
the great majority of English speakers remain monolingual. Despite the
dominance of English in the European Union, a British candidate for an
international position may be at a disadvantage compared with a young EU
citizen from Bonn or Milan or Lyon who is nearly fluent in English. Referring
to International English as “Global,” one observer writes: “The emergence of
Global is not an unqualified bonus for the British… for while we have
relatively easy access to Global, so too do well-educated mainland Europeans,
who have other linguistic assets besides.”[4]
A similarly mixed story complicates any
assessment of English in the burgeoning field of information technology. During
the 1990s the explosive growth of the Internet was extending English as a world
language in ways that could not have been foreseen only a few years earlier.
The development of the technology and software to run the Internet took place
in the United States, originally as ARPANET (the Advanced Research Project
Agency Network), a communication system begun in 1969 by the U.S. Department of
Defense in conjunction with military contractors and universities. In 2000
English was the dominant language of the Internet, with more than half of the
Internet hosts located in the United States and as many as three-fourths in the
United States and other Englishspeaking countries. The protocols by which ASCII
code was transmitted were developed for the English alphabet, and the writing
systems for languages such as Japanese, Chinese, and Korean presented
formidable problems for use on the World Wide Web. The technology that made
knowledge of English essential also facilitated online Englishlanguage
instruction in countries such as China, where demand for English exceeds the
available teachers. However, changes in the Internet economy are so rapid that
it is impossible to predict the future of English relative to other languages
in this global system. It is increasingly clear that online shoppers around the
world prefer to use the Internet in their own language and that
English-language sites in the United States have lost market share to local
sites in other countries. In September 2000 Bill Gates predicted that English
would be the language of the Web for the next ten years because accurate
computerized translation would be more than a decade away. Yet four months
later China announced the world’s first Chinese-English Internet browser with a
reported translation accuracy of 80 percent.[5]
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A.
CONCLUSION
The many
sectors that use English as the language of instruction make this language an
important language in all aspect. By knowing and mastering English, it will
increase the value or value in yourself especially when continuing your
education and looking for work. Mastering English also increase the chance to
get a good job in multi-national company in your country or get a job abroad.
B. SUGGESTION
After read and
learn this article we hope we can understand more about “ English Present
and Future”.We hope after hear our presentation we can improve our english
skill especially in History Of English Lesson.
REFERENCE
Barbara Crossette, “Against a Trend, U.S. Population Will Bloom,
U.N. Says,” New York : 2001.
Braj
B.Kachru, “The Sacred Cows of English,” English Today, 1988.
Joshua A.Fishman, Sociology of English as an Additional Language
in The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, 1992.
Michael
Toolan, “Linguistic Assets,” English Today, 1999.
[1] Joshua A.Fishman, “Sociology of English as an Additional Language,”
in The Other Tongue: English across Cultures, ed. Braj B.Kachru (2nd ed.,
Urbana, IL, 1992), p. 23.
[2] Barbara Crossette, “Against a Trend, U.S. Population Will Bloom,
U.N. Says,” New York Times (February 28, 2001), Section A, p.
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